Discrete least-squares approximations over optimized downward closed polynomial spaces in arbitrary dimension

We analyze the accuracy of the discrete least-squares approximation of a function u in multivariate polynomial spaces PΛ := span{y 7→ y : ν ∈ Λ} with Λ ⊂ N0 over the domain Γ := [−1, 1], based on the sampling of this function at points y, . . . , y ∈ Γ. The samples are independently drawn according to a given probability density ρ belonging to the class of multivariate beta densities, which includes the uniform and Chebyshev densities as particular cases. Motivated by recent results on high-dimensional parametric and stochastic PDEs, we restrict our attention to polynomial spaces associated with downward closed sets Λ of prescribed cardinality n and we optimize the choice of the space for the given sample. This implies in particular that the selected polynomial space depends on the sample. We are interested in comparing the error of this least-squares approximation measured in L(Γ, ρ) with the best achievable polynomial approximation error when using downward closed sets of cardinality n. We establish conditions between the dimension n and the size m of the sample, under which these two errors are proven to be comparable. Our main finding is that the dimension d enters only moderately in the resulting trade-off between m and n, in terms of a logarithmic factor ln(d), and is even absent when the optimization is restricted to a relevant subclass of downward closed sets, named anchored sets. In principle, this allows one to use these methods in arbitrarily high or even infinite dimension. Our analysis builds upon [3] which considered fixed and non-optimized downward closed multi-index sets. Potential applications of the proposed results are found in the development and analysis of efficient numerical methods for computing the solution of high-dimensional parametric or stochastic PDEs, but is not limited to this area.